Once infected, mammals may present with a variety of clinical manifestations. The disease can range from very mild and symptomless to a more serious, even life threatening form, that may be associated with kidney. Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacterium leptospira. Those aspects of canine leptospirosis of importance to an understanding of canicola fever are discussed. While the classical presentation of the disease is easily recognised by experienced clinicians practising in endemic regions, atypical. Leptospirosis in cattle may be caused by nonhostspecific serotypes such as leptospira pomona, leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, and leptospira canicola or hostspecific types such as leptospira hardjo. Therefore, control of these animals will help minimize disease transmission. Analysis of multiple leptospira interrogans serovar canicola. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild headaches, muscle pains, and fevers to severe bleeding in the lungs or meningitis. Pdf leptospira seroprevalence in owned dogs from spain.
Leptospira, possess a wide variety of mechanisms that allow them to evade the host immune system and cause infection. In the short presentation an unusual human case of leptospirosis published in the new zealand veterinary journal volume 41, p. Leptospirosis in dogs, sometimes referred to by the shorthand, lepto in dogs, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the genus leptospira. Leptospirosis simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In vitro interrogans canicola national toxicology program. Leptospira is the name of a genus group of long, thin, spiral shaped bacteria that are sometimes also called leptospires. These pathogen safety data sheets, regulated under workplace hazardous materials information system whmis legislation, are produced for personnel working in the life sciences as quick safety reference material relating to infectious microorganisms. Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria leptospira. Leptospira interrogans patogenaleptospira biflexa no patogenanombre comun. The two vaccines provided protection against the renal carrier state in the surviving animals. Over 230 serovars of leptospira interrogans have been identified. Because cattle are the maintenance host for hardjobovis, infection with this serovar will often produce a carrier state in the kidneys associated with longterm urinary shedding.
These reports have dealt primarily with leptospiral diseases in which the etiologic agents were the leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae 1, 5 and, to a lesser extent, lept. Traditional classification specified that all saprophytic species are under leptospira biflexa, while l. This bacterium is motile and has a spiral or helical shape like other spirochetes 1. The public health significance of the canine infection is. Leptospira hardjobovis is the only hostadapted lepto serovar in cattle and can infect animals at any age, including young calves. Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola an overview. Leptospira interrogans is a gram negative obligate aerobe. Prior to 1989, the genus leptospira was divided into two species, l.
The leptospira interrogans vaccines currently available are serovar specific and require regular booster immunizations to maintain protection of the host. Leptospira interrogans binds to human cell surface receptors may 15, 2009. Canine leptospirosis is perceived to be underdiagnosed due to nonspecific clinical signs prescott and others 1991, sarkar and others 2012. It has caused more than one million cases and 58 900. Species affected maintenance hosts leptospira serovars are generally adapted to one or more mammalian or marsupial maintenance hosts, which may or may not develop clinical signs. Orchitis and balanoposthitis in a dog with leptospira. Some important pathogenic serovars from this species are canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and australis. It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus leptospira. Each serum sample was tested against eight serovars of leptospira hardjo, pomona, canicola. Leptospira canicola, a merican journal of v eterinary research. Weils disease, the acute, severe form of leptospirosis, causes the infected individual to become jaundiced skin and eyes become yellow, develop kidney failure, and bleed.
Leptospira definition of leptospira by medical dictionary. Topics include aspects of human and animal leptospirosis as well as detailed analyses of our current knowledge of leptospiral structure and physiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, genomics, immunity and vaccines. Pdf leptospirosis, caused by the pathogenic leptospires, is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases known. Leptospira interrogans an overview sciencedirect topics. The recent sequencing of the leptospira genome has increased our knowledge about this pathogen. When viewed through a darkfield microscope, it often resembles a question mark, and this gives the species its name. Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete bacterium that belongs to the genus leptospira, which are aerobic, righthanded helical, and 6 20 micrometers long. A case of human leptospira canicola infection in new. Leptospira organisms are very thin, tightly coiled, obligate aerobic spirochetes characterized by a unique flexuous type of motility. Icterohaemorrhagiae present in dogs, goats, and foxes.
The national reference centre for leptospirosis nrcl, at the istituto. Spirochetal jaundice has been reported from practically every country in the world. The organism can penetrate the intact skin and the infection may be mild. This random transposon mutagenesis system resulted in the generation of 926 mutants in l. Zoonotic bacterial disease with protean manifestations. Serological surveillance of leptospirosis in italy izs. The organism survives best in warm, humid conditions and is most common in the tropics and subtropics, with many wild and domestic animal reservoirs including rats, mice, dogs, pigs, and cattle figure 701. Leptospira cases and vaccination habits within uk vet. Infected or recovered carrier dogs may act as a source of the infection. Like gramnegative bacteria, leptospira have an outer membrane studded with lipopolysaccharide lps on the surface, an inner membrane and a layer of peptidoglycan cell wall. Canine leptospirosis, leptospira, canicola serogroup, zoonosis, ecology epidemiology, chile. Dogs are the maintenance host for leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, and before widespread vaccination programs, serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae were the most common serovars in dogs. Infected animals typically shed the bacteria in their urine.
Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs from rural and slum. In the interval 19241937 808 cases were diagnosed in the. Leptospira and leptospirosis current topics in microbiology. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global public health importance caused by pathogenic spirochetes belong to the genus leptospira 1. Vaccination with leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein.
The aim of this study was to characterise the proteome of serovar canicola and to compare this against the serovars of copenhageni and pomona. Pdf seropositivity to leptospira interrogans canicola local isolate. Leptospirosis is now identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases, exemplified by recent large outbreaks in nicaragua 78, 100, 349, 507, 581, brazil, india, southeast asia, the united states 98, 102, and most recently in several countries as a result of the ecochallenge sabah 2000 competition in malaysia 99, 126, 204. While this letter provides timely comment on a matter which is of considerable interest to many uk veterinary surgeons and their dogowning clients, i feel the letter is open to misinterpretation with regards to the significance of serovar. After infection, animals may shed the organism in the urine for months or. Four cases of canicola fever observed by the writer in san francisco. Dogs are reservoir hosts for serovar canicola, and pigs for bratislava and pomona. Leptospirosis in cattle alabama cooperative extension system. Franklyn garry, in rebhuns diseases of dairy cattle second edition, 2008. Leptospirosis, weils disease, canicola fever, hemorrhagic jaundice, mud fever, swineherds disease characteristics. Canine coronavirus leptospira canicolagrippotyphosaicterohaemorrhagiaepomona. Pdf on jan 1, 20, sergio jorge and others published seropositivity to leptospira interrogans canicola local isolate associated to tongue. Leptospira greek leptos, fine, thin and latin spira, coil is a genus of spirochaete bacteria, including a small number of pathogenic and saprophytic species.
This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. Leptospira grippotyphosa annals of internal medicine. I write in response to the letter by hannah robbins on adverse events in dogs given leptospira vaccine vr, march 11, 2017, vol 180, p 257. Pdf leptospira is a widespread zoonosis that has been linked to transmission between dogs and humans. In the uk, it is routinely diagnosed by serological testing via the microscopic agglutination test faine and others 1999, or immunofluorescent antibody test torten and others 1966, appassakij and others 1995, naigowit and others 2000. Supplementprospects of developing leptospiral vaccines for animals. For pet owners leptospira can infect over 160 species of mammal.
Leptospirosis disease is widespread in humans and broad range of. The disease leptospirosis in cats is considered rare, but the number of reports on field cats with clinical signs caused by leptospira spp. Leptospira was first observed in 1907 in kidney tissue slices of a leptospirosis victim who was described as having died of yellow fever. Antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, are. Petur nielsen, in diagnostic pathology of infectious disease second edition, 2018. Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae an. Leptospira serovars for diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans and. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae definition of leptospira. Leptospirosis in dogs generalized conditions veterinary. An infection caused by a fine spiralshaped organism spirochaete leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae or l. It can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows and pigs. The bacteria leptospira that cause leptospirosis, commonly called leptospires, thrive in water. Leptospirosis is a common disease of livestock, pet many countries for cattle, dogs and swine but vaccination may animals and. Leptospira interrogans is a gram negative, obligate aerobe spirochete, with periplasmic flagella.
Leptospira is the name of a genus group of long, thin, spiralshaped bacteria that are sometimes also called leptospires. In this work, interactions of leptospira interrogans bacteria. Human infection was known to occur through contamination of food and water by leptospira shed in rat urine. Review, with report of two new cases sciencedirect. Pomona, grippotyphosa, autumnalis, canicola and saxkoebing and to have the zip code. Both these genes encode surfaceexposed proteins that are regarded as. Leptospirosis is known as a zoonotic disease of global importance originated from infection with the spirochete bacterium leptospira vinetz, 2001. Leptospirosis definition leptospirosis is a febrile disease fever caused by infection with the bacterium leptospira interrogans. Many molecules contribute to the ability of leptospira to adhere, invade, and colonize. Leptospira agglutmating factors in turtle sera nature. It has an optimum temperature of 30 degrees celsius and an optimum ph of 7. Leptospira definition of leptospira by the free dictionary.
Leptospirosis is still a major public health problem in tropical countries, with epidemic outbreaks occurring in the rainy season and. The aim of this study was to analyze vaccine proteomes and identify target molecules common to all l. Leptospirosis leptospira interrogans is a spirochete infection that occurs worldwide except in polar regions. Some important pathogenic serovars from this species are canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf. Leptospira, borrelia, and spirillum cause disease characterized by clinical stages with remissions and exacerbations. The currently used genetically based classification indicates that there are at least 19 species pathogenic and six saprophytic 10,11, identified through dna hybridization analysis 12. This volume covers all aspects of infection by pathogenic leptospira species, the causative agents of the worlds most widespread zoonosis. In addition, a hamster challenge batch potency test is necessary to evaluate these vaccines prior to market release, requiring the use of a large number of animals, which is ethically and financially undesirable.
The disease affects both animals and humans and has veterinary, economic, and medical relevance 1, 2. Pathogenic leptospira are now divided into named species and four genomospecies based on dna. Analysis of multiple leptospira interrogans serovar. Characterisation of the proteome of leptospira interrogans.
Leptospirosis also known as weils disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever is a bacterial disease. Refer to the current reagent data sheet for additional details. The current batch potency test for leptospira interrogans serovar canicola vaccines requires the use of a large number of hamsters and has severe effects i. In the interval 19241937 808 cases were diagnosed in the netherlands. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease of dogs and other mammals that primarily affects the liver or kidneys. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of global importance caused by several species and more than 200 different serovars of pathogenic leptospira spp. Leptospira pomona download product detailer pdf view label pdf product photo jpg sds pdf available sizes. In our epidemiological research on the carriership of pathogenic leptospira among wild animals in israel, 58 swamp turtles clemmys caspica of various ages originating from twelve different.
948 393 512 1094 507 494 465 135 988 1037 1463 1487 408 747 707 8 917 710 1054 1208 1032 882 537 347 400 75 1260 837 786 912 673 1174 746 474 1435 1366 997 755 1299 426 1394 133 1416 539